This article highlights the normal and abnormal physiology of fluid circulation in the lower limb with particular reference to venous and lymphatic flow. Consideration is given to the assessment and diagnosis of disease and its severity, particularly the impact on the patient including chronic oedema, ulceration, cellulitis and loss of mobility. Options for disease management and prevention such as compression bandaging and hosiery are also discussed, and the gaps between theory and practice are highlighted to  provide community nurses with the most up-to-date information and practical solutions.